Q-Eng

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いずれもコロナウイルスに極めて有効。 石鹸の方が生活の一部にしやすい。
専門用語が多いので日本語の字幕やテキストを見る。 概要は簡単。
　　・石鹸は 「ウイルスの外部膜を壊す」。 指と手を 20秒くらい念入りに。｜
　　・消毒用アルコールは 「ウイルス全体を壊す」。 乾くまでよくすりこむ。

難　５分半　140wpm　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2020年

字幕 ： 開始後 で字幕On/Off､ で言語選択。文字の色やサイズﾞはｵﾌﾟｼｮﾝから｡
.　　　　 動画を見るとき、 でフルスクリーンに拡大すると見やすい。

★下記英文は ポップアップ辞書 が使えます｡
　　テキストはこちら⇒英日トランスクリプト （字幕はYouTubeの方が大きく見やすい）　　　　　

Your hands, up close, are anything but smooth. With peaks and valleys, folds（ひだ） and rifts（みぞ）, there are plenty of hiding places for a virus to stick. If you then touch your face, the virus can infect you. But there are two extraordinarily simple ways you can keep that from happening: soap and water, and hand sanitizer.

So which is better? The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is one of many viruses whose protective outer surface is made of a lipid bilayer（脂質二重膜）. These lipids are pin shaped molecules whose heads are attracted to water, and tails are repulsed by it.
　脂質二重膜 ：一部の ウイルスにある油のような膜。 エンベロープと言われる。
　
So in water-rich environments, lipids naturally form a shell like this, with the heads outside and the tails inside. Their shared reaction to water makes the lipids stick loosely together— this is called the hydrophobic（疎水性の） effect. This outer structure helps the molecular machinery of the virus break through cellular membranes and hijack our cells.

But it has thousands upon thousands of weak points where the right molecules could pry（てこで動かす） it apart. And this is where soap comes in. A single drop of any brand of soap contains quadrillions（千兆） of molecules called amphiphiles（両親媒性物質）, which resemble biological lipids. Their tails, which are similarly repulsed by water, compete for space with the lipids that make up the virus's shell.
　両親媒性物質 ： 水と油の両方に親和する物質。石鹸や界面活性剤。
　
But they're just different enough to break up the regularity of the virus's membrane, making the whole thing come crashing down. Those amphiphiles then form bubbles of their own around particles including the virus's RNA and proteins.

Apply water, and you'll wash that whole bubble away. Hand sanitizers work less like a crowbar（かなてこ）, and more like an earthquake. When you surround a coronavirus with water, the hydrophobic effect gives the bonds within the membrane their strength.

That same effect also holds the big proteins that form coronavirus's spikes in place and in the shape that enables them to infect your cells. If you dry the virus out in air, it keeps its stability. But now surround it with a high concentration of an alcohol, like the ethanol or isopropanol found in most hand-sanitizers.
　手指消毒剤としては60～80％エタノールがよい（WHO）。 火気厳禁。

This makes the hydrophobic effect disappear, and gives the molecules room to move around. The overall effect is like removing all of the nails and mortar from a house and then hitting it with an earthquake. The cell's membrane collapses and those spike proteins crumble.

In either method, the actual process of destroying the virus happens in just a second or two. But doctors recommend at least 20 seconds of hand-washing because of the intricate（複雑な） landscape that is your hand. Soap and sanitizer need to get everywhere, including your palms, fingertips, the outsides of your hands, and between your fingers, to protect you properly.

And when it comes to a coronavirus outbreak, doctors recommend washing your hands with soap and water whenever possible. Even though both approaches are similarly effective at killing the virus, soap and water has two benefits: first it washes away any dirt which could otherwise hide virus particles. But more importantly, it's simply easier to fully cover your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds.

Of course, hand sanitizer is more convenient to use on the go. In the absence of a sink, use the sanitizer as thoroughly as possible and rub your hands together until they're dry.

Unfortunately, there are billions of people who don't have access to clean drinking water, which is a huge problem at any time but especially during an outbreak.
Researchers and aid groups are working to provide solutions for these communities. One example is a device that uses salt, water, and a car battery to make chlorinated water that kills harmful pathogens and is safe for hand-washing.

So wherever possible, soap and water are recommended for a coronavirus, but does that mean it's best for every viral outbreak? Not necessarily. Many common colds are caused by rhinoviruses（ライノウイルス） that have a geometric protein structure called a capsid（カプシド） instead of a lipid membrane.
　ライノウイルス： 春秋に多い鼻風邪のウイルス、エンベロープがなく、
　　　　　　　　　　　　カプシド（ DNAやRNAを包む蛋白の殻）を持つ

The capsid（カプシド） does't have nearly as many weak points where soap amphiphiles（両親媒性物質） can pry it apart, so it takes longer for soap to be effective.

However some of its surface proteins are still vulnerable to the destabilizing effect of hand sanitizer. In this and similar cases, hand sanitizer may be more effective, especially if you then wash your hands to remove residual particles.

The best way to know which to use for any given outbreak is to do what's best for all things illness-related: follow the advice of accredited medical professionals.
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