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TED-Ed 030・・Vampires: Folklore, fantasy and fact 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　　（ヴァンパイア：伝説とファンタジー、そして事実について)

ドラキュラのモデルの国、ルーマニア語のなまり と思われる発音で脚色していて面白い。

07分・・120wpm　2013/12/ 02 新出


Good evening! What's the matter? Are you afraid of vampires? Hehe, no need to worry, I'm not staying for dinner. Ahahaha. I'm here to guide you through a brief history of vampires, illustrating how our image has changed from a shambling corpse to the dapper gentleman you see before you.

Vampires are nearly as old as you humans. Stories about us, our evidence, appear in cultures extending as far back as prehistoric times. But we weren't called vampires back then and most of us did not look the way we imagine vampires today, far from it!

For example, the Mesopotamian Lamashtu was a creature with a head of a lion and the body of the donkey, and the ancient Greek striges were simply described as bloodthirsty birds. Others were even stranger. The Philippine manananggal would sever her upper torso and sprout huge, bat-like wings to fly. The Malaysian Penanggalan was a flying female head with dangling entrails.
Heh heh heh heh. And the Australian Yara-ma-yha-who was a little red guy with a big head, a large mouth, and bloodsuckers on his hands and feet. Oh, and let's not forget the Caribbean's Sukuyan, the West African obayifo, and the Mexican Tlahuelpuchi.

Heh heh, charming, aren't they? Though they may look vastly different, all of these beings have one common characteristic: They sustain themselves by consuming the life force of a living creature. This shared trait is what defines a vampire -- all other attributes change with the tides. So, how do we arrive at the reanimated fellow you see before you? Our modern ideal emerges in 18th-century Eastern Europe. With the dramatic increase of vampire superstitions, stories of bloodsucking, shadowy creatures become nightly bedside terrors. And popular folklore, like the moroi among the Romani people and the lugat in Albania, provide the most common vampire traits known today, such as vampires being undead and nocturnal and shape-shifting.

You see, Eastern Europe in the 18th century was a pretty grim place with many deaths occurring from unknown diseases and plagues. Without medical explanations, people searched for supernatural causes and found what looked like evidence in the corpses of the victims. When villagers dug up bodies to discern the cause of the mysterious deaths, they would often find the cadavers looking very much alive -- longer hair and fingernails, bloated bellies, and blood at the corners of mouths.
Heh heh, clearly, these people were not really dead. Heh, they were vampires! And they had been leaving their graves to feast on the living.

The terrified villagers would quickly enact a ritual to kill the undead. The practices varied across the region, but usually included beheadings, burnings, and staking the body to the coffin to prevent it from getting up. Grizzly stuff! But what the villagers interpreted as unholy reanimation, they're actually normal symptoms of death. When a body decomposes, the skin dehydrates, causing the hair and fingernails to extend. Bacteria in the stomach creates gases that fill the belly, which force out blood and matter through the mouth. Unfortunately, this science was not yet known, so the villagers kept digging.

In fact , so many bodies were dug up that the Empress of Austria sent her physician around to disprove the vampire stories, and she even established a law prohibiting grave tampering. Still, even after the vampire hunts had died down, the stories of legends survived in local superstition. This led to works of literature, such as Polidori's "The Vampyre," the Gothic novel "Carmilla," and, most famously, Bram Stoker's "Dracula." Although Stoker incorporated historical material, like Elizabeth Báthory's virgin blood baths and the brutal executions of Vlad Dracul, it was these local myths that inspired the main elements of his story: the Transylvanian setting, using garlic to defend oneself, and the staking of the heart.

While these attributes are certainly familiar to us, elements he invented himself have also lasted over the years: fear of crucifixes, weakness in sunlight, and the vampire's inability to see their reflection. By inventing new traits, Stoker perfectly enacted the age-old tradition of elaborating upon and expanding the myth of vampires.

As we saw, maybe you met my relatives, a huge of variety of creatures stalked the night before Dracula, and many more will continue to creep through our nightmares. Yet, so long as they subsist off a living being's life force, they are part of my tribe. Even sparkling vampires can be included. After all, it's the continued storytelling and reimagining of the vampire legend that allows us to truly live forever.
Ahahahahaha!